Metamaterials-JiaoranBUD
lenovo
2024-03-16
stimuliresponsive materials will be able to react to the stimuli of external physical fields. When stimulated, the metamaterials can automatically deform, make motions, and change their structural properties or functions according to external environments, the changes of the material microstructures when the external field (such as, temperature, external force) continuously applies to the material until a specific condition Strain mismatch refers to the discontinuous changes of strain Due to the different mechanical properties, the uncoordinated strain of each part results in internal stress at the interface under the effect of environmental or load conditions, which furtherly lead to the bending or deformation of the structure. material-instability-based metamaterial design is to controlling the number of the minimum potential energy points of the materials unconstrained homogeneous materials generally yield uniformly expansions or contractions as the temperature rises or falls [data-driven methods] Identify Clusters unlabeled data to search for undetected patterns of the given dataset decision making. It is about learning the optimal behavior in an environment to obtain maximum reward: rewarding desired behaviors and/or punishing undesired ones [] [Task Driven] Predict next value map inputs to outputs with data being labeled establish the relation of the input/ output parameters match the input data structure required by the selected ML model, and consist of essential material features to ensure high accuracy and training efficiency Gradient-based algorithms require gradient or sensitivity information, in addition to function evaluations, to determine adequate search directions for better designs during optimization iterations. mechanism: properties to create reconfidurable/ Please see this ifurcation behavior, mobility analysis, origami plate structures, high-order Topics Metamaterialsa @@ Additive M @@ Lab Available @@@@ Material Jetting @ DESIGN @@ Recommd @ PROPERTY @@@ INVERSE DESIGN @@@@ ORIGAMI @@@@ KIRIGAMI @ REVIEW @ APPLICATION @@ REVIEW: STIMULI-responsive materials @@@ review external physical fields heat/Temperature chemicals light field electric current magnetic field pressure action @@@ SOFT ROBOT @@@ Microfluidics @@@ Flexible energy storage materials @@@ WEARABLE devices/SENSORS Bionic gripper. @ Paper collection @@ phase transition @ Driving force @@ strain mismatch @@ mechanical instability topology optimization solid phase, liquid phase, and gas phase @@ Structural Optimization materials deployment=>active deformation and controllable response @ Equipments @@ Others @@ Simulation software Available @@ Material Available @@@@ Binder Jetting a powder based material and a binder @@@@ Material Extrusion @@@@ Powder Bed Fusion(PBF) @@@@ Sheet Lamination @@@@ Directed Energy Deposition(DED) @@@@ VAT Photopolymerisation liquid photopolymer resin+light Fuse deposition modelling (FDM) Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), Electron beam melting (EBM), Selective heat sintering (SHS), Selective laser melting (SLM) and Selective laser sintering (SLS) @@@ PATTERN @@@@ 1D,2D->3D different expansion coefficients material stimulated by a external (force or thermal) stimuli unconstrained homogeneous materials Material Stimuli 1D,2D->3D->4D different expansion coefficients material stimulated by a external (force or thermal) stimuli unconstrained homogeneous materials Material Stimuli Micro Macro structural instabilities instabilities in microstructured materials @@@ Scale phase transformations domain patterning strain localization @@@@ STRUCTURAL CURVING @@@@ BUCKLING @@@@ TWISTING @@@@ WRINCLING @@@@ FOLDING @@@@ PRESSURE/INDENTATION @@@ material instability @@@ structural-instability skip the uniform deformation and rapidly jump to the position with low potential energy, @@@ Application:Structural Optimization @@@@ size optimization @@@@ shape optimization express various mechanics indexes of the structure as a function related to the material distribution, and establish optimization algorithms with constraints to find the optimal solution, and optimize a specific performance of the material. Application method arranging the distribution of the materials to obtain the desired performance of the structure within the specified design domain @ Analysis Process Thermal-Responsive commercially available/self-assembled 3D printer with different printing methods (i.e., DLP, SLA, FDM, and PolyJet 3D printers in the labs for polymer and composite 3D printing. Have access to metal printing too. Stereolithography (SLA) Digital Light Processing (DLP) Chemical-Responsive Light-Responsive Electro-Responsive Magneto-Responsive Pressure-Responsive Pneumatic Actuation Hydraulic Actuation @@ PRACTICAL @ ML @@ ML: Problem solving @@@ Optimization @@@ Design @@@ Prediction @@ ML METHODS @@@ Supervised learning @@@ unsupervised learning @@@ Reinforcement learning @@@@ Methods k-means clustering Generative adversarial networks (GANs) @@@ semi-supervised learning graph neural networks (GNNs) Methods Methods graph neural networks (GNNs) graph neural networks (GNNs) graph neural networks (GNNs) Methods Support vector machine(SVR) Linear regression/polynomial regression random forest (RF) Feedforward neural network (FFNN); Generative adversarial networks (GANs) Methods Gaussian process regression (GPR); Bayesian learning Train two opponent neural networks to generate and discriminate separately until the two networks reach equilibrium; generate new data according to the distribution of training set Prediction of modulus distribution by solving inverse elasticity problems; prediction of strain or stress fields in composites; composite design; structural topology optimization; architected materials design Treat parameters as random variables and calculate the probability distribution of these variables; quantify the uncertainty of model predictions Modulus or strength prediction; design of supercompressible and recoverable metamaterials Operate on non-Euclidean data structures; applicable tasks include link prediction, node classification and graph classification Hardness prediction;127 architected materials design168 Sub Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (CGAN) Appli. A generative adversarial network (GAN) is a type of deep learning network that can generate data with similar characteristics as the input training data. Defi. generator+discriminator: [inverse design] It could reversely predict multiple sets of metamaterial structures that can meet the needs by inputting the required target prop. Appli. membrane inflation+binary material( shape changing capabilities) pre-programmed 3D shapes starting from 2D planar composite membranes @@ Analysis Process @@@ Modeling/simulation @@@ Experimental and numerical validation @@@ Summary: @@@ Selection: Proper algorithm model Inputs outputs types of materials architectures(micro) Material Property stiffness @@@ Database generation: @@@ Machine learning prediction Model training model evaluation FEA Inputs/outpus data(2) Application output:generating structural property form flexibility Dataset predict the properties tailor the micro-architectures for metamaterials according to external conditions. literature/existing databases high-throughput experiments FEA-SIMULATION Data resource Data preprocess Computational problems Model Design 1)ML-based Applicable: a well-defined research problem of mechanical materials that has not been addressed by conventional methods, or has been solved but can be outperformed by ML-based approaches. Possible material database small set of dataset ~10% dataset: evaluation ~90% dataset: training data Data order: shuffled @@@@ laser cutting machine [6] Machine Learning-Evolutionary Algorithm Enabled Design for 4D-Printed Active Composite Structures bilayer composite+stimuli +strain mismatch+4D shape changing design @@@@ 3D->4D time,3D printed parts to transform their shapes in the 4th dimension Problem [forward problem] predicting shape changes for given material or property distributions [inverse problem] of finding the optimal material or property distribution to obtain the desired shape change. [Simulation] accurate numerical models (or predictive models), incorporating the forward predictive model into some [optimization algorithms]//topology Optimization topology optimization soft actuators @@@ Algorithms @@@@ gradient-free optimization algorithms @@@@ Gradient-based algorithms evolutionary algorithms @@@@ Propertyies optimmization Supporting ref 4D PRINTING Paper structure [Matlab] [DLP+Resin] Topology optimization is an iterative gradient-based design process which minimizes an objective and satisfies a set of selected design constraints by distributing material in a design domain. Define Define Methods Appli. designing certain shape-changing responses of active composites/// other engineering structural problems. Polyjet tech Compatible materials Tactile, opaque, flexible, transparent or rigid– the J55™ Prime offers a wide range of materials to suit all your design needs. Multi-material capabilities let you load up to five materials at once and create multi-color or multi shore level parts in one print. With expansive options for color and texture combinations, there’s no need for hand painting. convolutional neural network (CNN) ML relies on numerous iterations of FE simulations to explore a large design space, thus suffering from high computational cost. @@@@ thermo-mechanical tester for compression/tesions, torsion, bending analysis @@@@ testers for measuring thermal conductivity, electrical properties, piezoelectric and pyroelectric coefficients @@@ Lab Available Tester @@@ Simulation software ANSYS @@@ Simulation software COMSOL @@@ Simulation software Abaqus @@@ Lab Available AM @@@ Lab Available Processing Anisotropic compression behaviors of bio-inspired modified body-centered cubic lattices validated by additive manufacturing @ Interesting Topic @@ SoftPneuActuator+PDMS @@@ Soft Pneu Actuator PDMS/Polymer @@@ ML @@@ Tentative Idea @@@ FEA Polymer Hysteresis Soft Pneumatic Actuator-Actuation @@@@ Constrain @@@ AM @@@ Modeling Analysis @@@@ Compliant mechanism @@@@ Flexible-based structure FEA compliant structure's kinematics and statics pseudo-rigid-body (PRB) model FEA Material Analysis methods FEA FEA Tutorial for Soft Actuator [1] [2] @@@@ Data-driven foward+inverse ML model Data Acquisition Data preprocess inverse forward Strain mismatch Compliant mechanism+flexible materials @@@@ Compliant mechanism+flexible materials [Paper] Introducing Mass Parameters to Pseudo-Rigid-Body Models for Precisely Predicting Dynamics of Compliant Mechanisms Analysis methods FEA Dynamics [Paper] Programmable Multistable Perforated Shellular @@@@ Design Material Property Changing Stiffness? variable stiffness beam concepts as stiffness change unit. Multiple units can be combined to construct variable stiffness Design synthesis of new compliant mechanisms will be conducted based on the modular unit concepts. [Paper] Machine learning-based design and optimization of curved beams for multistable structures and metamaterials different flexible material [Paper]Soft Pneumatic Actuator with Adjustable Stiffness Layers for Multi-DoF Actuation Inspiration [Paper]3D Printing of a Polydimethylsiloxane/ Polytetrafluoroethylene Composite Elastomer and its Application in a Triboelectric Nanogenerator Reference flexible shape changing soft pneumatic actuator Intro. [Paper]Soft Robotics: A Review of Recent Developments of Pneumatic Soft Actuators [PAPER] Inverse Design of Inflatable Soft Membranes Through Machine Learning frame constrain structure Posture assessment Forward+inverse @@@@ PDMS [PAPER] 3D Printing of a Polydimethylsiloxane/ Polytetrafluoroethylene Composite Elastomer and its Application in a Triboelectric Nanogenerator @@@@ Soft Pneumatic Actuator [PAPER] A Review of 3D-Printable Soft Pneumatic Actuators and Sensors: Research Challenges and Opportunities Multi-DoF Actuation [PAPER] Soft Pneumatic Actuator with Adjustable Stiffness Layers for Multi-DoF Actuation Predicting Dynamics of Compliant Mechanisms [Paper] Introducing Mass Parameters to Pseudo-Rigid-Body Models for Precisely Predicting Dynamics of Compliant Mechanisms [PAPER] A proposed soft pneumatic actuator control based on angle estimation from data-driven model Design of soft multi-material pneumatic actuators based on principal strain field [PAPER] Position Control for Soft Actuators, Next Steps toward Inherently Safe Interaction Mixting ratio [PAPER] Mechanical Characterization of PDMS with Different Mixing Ratios Subtopic [PAPER] Fabrication and Dynamic Modeling of Bidirectional Bending Soft Actuator Integrated with Optical Waveguide Curvature Sensor Modelling Large Deflection of a Compliant Mechanism [PAPER] Modelling Large Deflection of a Compliant Mechanism: A Comparative Study Using Discrete Euler Beam Constraint Model, Discrete Timoshenko Beam Constrain Model, Finite Element Method and Experiment Our learning framework has the potential to shape future fusion research and tokamak development. Underspecified objectives can find configurations that maximize a desired performance objective or even maximize power production. Our architecture can be rapidly deployed on a new tokamak without the need to design and commission the complex system of controllers deployed today, and evaluate proposed designs before they are constructed. More broadly, our approach may enable the discovery of new reactor designs by jointly optimizing the plasma shape, sensing, actuation, wall design, heat load and magnetic controller to maximize overall performance. Dimensionality reduction Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Truncated Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) Factor Analysis (FA) From Hamid Akbarzadeh, Dr. piezo (mechanical + electrical coupling) Hamid Akbarzadeh, Dr. pyroelectric (temperature + electrical coupling) soft material most. If not , used as sensors/actuater @@@@ DIW directed ink writing @@@@ Selective laser sintering (SLS) @@ STRUCTURAL DESIGN @@ MULTI-FUNCTIONAL/Multi- Functionality @@ MATERIAL PROPERTY @@ MECHANICAL PROPERTY Rational design of piezoelectric metamaterials with tailored electro-momentum coupling Analysis and Optimisation of Periodic Piezoelectric Materials Optimization of piezoelectric metamaterials # Multi-objective structural optimisation of piezoelectric materials @@@ Piezoelectric Materials Softrobo+Motion control+dielectric elastomer actuators Motion Control of a Soft Circular Crawling Robot via Iterative Learning Control∗ As an actuation technology of soft robots, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) exhibit many fantastic attributes such as large strain and high energy density. Ferroelectricity+AM A 3D-printed molecular ferroelectric metamaterial Ferro Ferroelectricity/https://www.britannica.com/science/ferroelectricity What is the difference between dielectric and ferroelectric? https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_are_the_differences_between_insulator_dielectrics_and_paraelectrics ferroelectric and piezoelectric(direct piezoelectric effect/inverse piezoelectric effect)? Piezoelectricity is a property of certain dielectric materials to physically deform in the presence of an electric field, or conversely, to produce an electrical charge when mechanically deformed. ferroelectricity, property of certain nonconducting crystals, or dielectrics, that exhibit spontaneous electric polarization (separation of the centre of positive and negative electric charge, making one side of the crystal positive and the opposite side negative) that can be reversed in direction by the application of an appropriate electric field. https://www.nrel.gov/materials-science/piezoelectric-ferroelectric-materials.html Ferro Intro @@@ Elastic/Auxetic material Auxetic materials, structures, fabrics (or also “Auxetics”, a term that commonly groups all of them) are materials that exhibit an unexpected behaviour when they are subjected to mechanical stresses and strains. @@@@ intro. PAPER ferroelectric metamaterials Tunable ferroelectric auxetic metamaterials for guiding elastic waves in three-dimensions Metamaterials are artificial material systems that can be designed for extraordinary static and dynamic properties, such as negative effective Poisson’s ratio, mass density, or Young’s modulus [1], [2]. Metamaterials have been proposed for numerous applications in controlling sound, vibrations, and heat. Such applications range from wave guiding, cloaking, thermal diodes, energy transfer optimization to acoustic rectifiers [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]. Traditionally, metamaterials designs are fixed, i.e., once fabricated, their effective properties cannot be changed. However, a growing trend in metamaterials’ research is utilizing dynamically tunable designs, thus opening the door for more potential applications and functional integration in devices. Tunability can be achieved through a variety of methods including mechanical (e.g., by considering application of external loads) [18], [19], [20], [21], thermal (e.g., through shape memory effects [22]), electrical (e.g., from nano [23] to macro-scale systems [24], [25], [26]), or magnetic [27], [28], [29] stimuli. While some studies of tunable piezoelectric metamaterials have been reported in the literature [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], harnessing the effects of ferroelectric poling to tune metamaterials properties remains relatively unexplored. Here, we discuss the interplay between different tuning avenues in a three-dimensional metamaterial, namely poling effects and mechanical deformations. @@@ Ferroelectric metamaterials @@@ PROPERTY ADJUSTABLE @@@@ stiffness designable metamaterials @@@@ negative Poisson’s ratio metamaterials @@@@ negative thermal expansion (NTE) metamaterials negative stiffness @@@@ energy absorption @@@ SHAPE CHANGE/shape morphing/shape memory @@@ extreme mechanical properties @@ TUNABLE/PROGRAMMABLE Twisting for soft intelligent autonomous robot in unstructured environments Environment-responsive soft robots constructed from twisted LCE ribbons with a stra @@ ML: DATA-DRIVEN @@ REVIEW: ML @@@ Utilization data collection, generation and preprocessing mechanical property prediction materials design Active learning in materials science @@@ Dielectrics/Dielectric elastomers Electromagnetic Reconfiguration Using Stretchable Mechanical Metamaterials PAPERS Tunable thermally bistable multi-material structure PAPERS # 3D Printed Graphene-Based Metamaterials: Guesting Multi- Functionality in One Gain Advanced functional materials with fascinating properties and extended structural design have greatly broadened their applications. Metamaterials, exhibiting unprecedented physical properties (mechanical, electromagnetic, acoustic, etc.), are considered frontiers of physics, material science, and engineering. With the emerging 3D printing technology, the manufacturing of metamaterials becomes much more convenient. Graphene, due to its superior properties such as large surface area, superior electrical/thermal conductivity, and outstanding mechanical properties, shows promising applications to add multi-functionality into existing metamaterials for various applications. In this review, the aim is to outline the latest developments and applications of 3D printed graphene-based metamaterials. The structure design of different types of metamaterials and the fabrication strategies for 3D printed graphene-based materials are first reviewed. Then the representative explorations of 3D printed graphene-based metamaterials and multi-functionality that can be introduced with such a combination are further discussed. Subsequently, challenges and opportunities are provided, seeking to point out future directions of 3D printed graphene-based metamaterials. @@@@ STRETCHABLE @@ DESIGN METHODS @@@ FORWARD DESIGN @@@ Multidimentional @@ RECONFIGURATION(configuration/configurable) 3D Printed Fractal Metamaterials with Tunable Mechanical Properties and Shape Reconfiguration @@@ Electromagnetic/Magneto negative zero Multi-material topology optimization and additive manufacturing for metamaterials incorporating double negative indexes of Poisson’s ratio and thermal expansion Machine learning-based inverse design of auxetic metamaterial with zero Poisson’s ratio @@@@ CONFORMAL # Conformal elasticity of mechanism-based metamaterials @@@@ Nonlinear Inverse Design of Mechanical Metamaterials with Target Nonlinear Response via a Neural Accelerated Evolution Strategy Learning the nonlinear dynamics of mechanical metamaterials with graph networks the unique nonlinear dynamics of certain types of soft mechanical metamaterials. However, capturing the nonlinear dynamic response of these materials especially those with complex geometries, can be a challenge due to the strong nonlinearity and large computational cost. An efficient and reliable framework to predict the overall response of the metamaterials based on the geometry of their building blocks is not only key to understanding the unique behavior of metamaterials, but also vital to the rational design of such materials. metamaterial graph network lattice-like metamaterial structure. The Topological invariant and anomalous edge modes of strongly nonlinear systems @@@ THERMAL @@@@ PAPERS Bistable and Multistable Actuators for Soft Robots: Structures, Materials, and Functionalities @@ MULTI-STABLE/BISTABLE Bistable and Multistable Actuators for Soft Robots: Structures, Materials, and Functionalities [Paper] Inverse Design of Mechanical Metamaterials That Undergo Buckling @@@ AM METHODS @@@ AM ANALYSYS defect influence identify the most important defect and design features that determine the mechanical properties of the overall structure. Machine learning assisted investigation of defect influence on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured architected materials @@@ Simulation software FEA @@@@ data-driven simulation Magneto-Thermomechanically Reprogrammable Mechanical Metamaterials # Magnetorheological Fluid-Based Flow Control for Soft Robots Video actuation methods such as shape-memoryalloys, [7,8]dielectric elastomers, [9]ionicpolymers,[10,11]and hydrogel- based actua-tors,[1 Refer [18]Soft Poly-Limbs: Toward a New Paradigm of Mobile Manipulation for Daily Living Tasks @@@@ ELASTIC/VISCOELASTIC shape memory polymers (SMPs) shape-memoryalloys @@@@ shape memory material @ FABRICATION @@@ shape memory polymers (SMPs) @@@ liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) @@ COMPOSITEs @@@ shape-memory alloys (SMAs) @@@ intro.composites Paper Multi Jet Fusion printed lattice materials: characterization and prediction of mechanical performance Multi Jet Fusion (MJF) is a powder-bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing process that enables high-resolution, rapid fabrication of large-scale polymer parts. In particular, the MJF process enables direct printing of structures without the need for support material, enabling complex geometries such as lattices and scaffolds to be manufactured with minimal post-processing. The lattice structure is a highly tunable geometry that can form the stiff, strong backbone of larger-scale designs, facilitating time and material efficiency in the printing process compared to a solid body. While the benefits of lattice-based designs produced with powder-bed fusion processes are clear, there currently exist few studies that empirically characterize the mechanical performance of lattices printed using MJF. In this work, we treat each lattice as an assembly of components (beams and nodes), with each component defined by its nominal size and orientation. To study the effect of changing these parameters on material properties, lattice unit cells of structural interest are modeled with their beam diameters, node sizes, and unit cell geometries varied. Specimens are printed using polyamide (PA)-12 powder, then mechanically tested to determine strength and stiffness. The results are used to determine empirical fitting parameters to the Gibson–Ashby scaling model of lattices, previously unapplied to MJF-printed structures. To further develop a model of the structure's geometry-dependent behavior, the varying failure modes of printed lattices are also characterized. The results of this work provide a foundation for the design optimization of lattices printed using Multi Jet Fusion, in turn developing a fundamental model for a variety of large-scale printable structures. PAPERS Auxetic Kirigami Metamaterials upon Large Stretching @@@@ PAPER Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Auxetic Metamaterials by Incorporating Nonrectangular Cross Sections into Their Component Rods: A Finite Element Analysis Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Auxetic Metamaterials by Incorporating Nonrectangular Cross Sections into Their Component Rods: A Finite Element Analysis Additively Manufactured Mechanical Metamaterial-Based Pressure Sensor with Tunable Sensing Properties for Stance and Motion Analysis Additively Manufactured Mechanical Metamaterial-Based Pressure Sensor with Tunable Sensing Properties for Stance and Motion Analysis PAPERS Additively Manufactured Mechanical Metamaterial-Based Pressure Sensor with Tunable Sensing Properties for Stance and Motion Analysis The gyroid structures are printed using fused deposition modeling (FDM)3D printing with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), providing mechanicalrobustness even at low densities. The Extreme Mechanics of Viscoelastic MetamaterialsA PAPER PAPER The Extreme Mechanics of Viscoelastic MetamaterialsA PAPER @@@ REVIEW: responsive architected materials Responsive materials architected in space and time @@@ MACHINE/MACHINING MOULDING/MOLDING Stereolithography is a technique for layer by layer structure fabrication, where a laser beam is focused to a free surface of a photosensitive liquid to induce polymerization of the liquid in that region and transform it to a polymerized solid What is the difference between DLP vs SLA? Both are 3D printing processes that work with photopolymers, but DLP uses a more conventional light source , such as an arc lamp, rather than a UV light as in SLA. DLP machine uses a projected light source to cure the entire layer at once. The part is formed layer by layer. SLA printers trace out a path with the laser, curing along that path. Sheet lamination is an additive manufacturing (AM) methodology where thin sheets of material (usually supplied via a system of feed rollers) are bonded together layer-by-layer to form a single piece that is cut into a 3D object. CNC machining microfabrication Responsive materials architected in space and time @@@@ PAPER Paper Dielectric elastomers offer multiple potential applications with the potential to replace many electromagnetic actuators, pneumatics and piezo actuators. @@@ pyroelectric @@@ dielectric piezoelectric pyroelectric ferroelectric @@ ELECTRICAL PROPERTY The key difference between piezoelectric pyroelectric and ferroelectric is that the piezoelectric effect is the generation of a surface charge in response to the application of external stress to a material but, the pyroelectric effect is the change in the spontaneous polarization of a material in response to a change in temperature. Whereas, the ferroelectric effect is a change in the surface charge in response to the change in the spontaneous polarization. @@@@ LATTICE Generative machine learning algorithm for lattice structures with superior mechanical properties Micro-Scale Auxetic Hierarchical Mechanical Metamaterials for Shape Morphing Machine learning-based inverse design of auxetic metamaterial with zero Poisson's ratio Micro-Scale Auxetic Hierarchical Mechanical Metamaterials for Shape Morphing Micro-Scale Auxetic Hierarchical Mechanical Metamaterials for Shape Morphing PAPER @@@@ with Python Pattern transformation induced waisted post-buckling of perforated cylindrical shells @@@@ SHELL Pattern transformation induced waisted post-buckling of perforated cylindrical shells [Paper] Programmable Multistable Perforated Shellular The shell microstructure of the pteropod Creseis acicula is composed of nested arrays of S-shaped aragonite fibers: A unique biological material @@@@ nonlinear finite element simulations. @@ MATERIAL DESIGN @@@ MULTIMATERIAL Tunable thermally bistable multi-material structure Tunable thermally bistable multi-material structure PAPER Inverse design strategies for buckling-guided assembly of 3D surfaces based on topology optimization Inverse design strategies for buckling-guided assembly of 3D surfaces based on topology optimization Magneto-Thermomechanically Reprogrammable Mechanical Metamaterials Deep Learning-Accelerated Designs of Tunable Magneto-Mechanical Metamaterials @@@ Laminar Jamming Structures (LJS) Shape memory meta-laminar jamming actuators fabricated by 4D printing water transfer A study on heat and mass transfer through vegetated porous concrete for environmental control Subtopic Totimorphic assemblies from neutrally stable units @@@@ Energy/energetically equivalent Totimorphic assemblies from neutrally stable units Inverse Design of Mechanical Metamaterials with Target Nonlinear Response via a Neural Accelerated Evolution Strategy Knowledge extraction and transfer in data-driven fracture mechanics Shape memory meta-laminar jamming actuators fabricated by 4D printing Shape memory meta-laminar jamming actuators fabricated by 4D printing Mobility and Kinematic Bifurcation Analysis of Origami Plate Structures Special Pattern/unit cell/CELLULAR Design of isotropic 2D chiral metamaterials based on monohedral pentagonal tessellations Insect-scale jumping robots enabled by a dynamic buckling cascade h unidirectional muscles and power amplificatio Soft Robotics in Healthcare: Challenges in Design and Control A New Phenomenological Model for the Crushing Failure Mechanism Lattice Structures Modeling and design of three-dimensional voxel printed lattice metamaterials Inverse design strategies for buckling-guided assembly of 3D surfaces based on topology optimization # Inverse design strategies for buckling-guided assembly of 3D surfaces based on topology optimization Controlling Malleability of Metamaterials through Programmable Memory a deformedmaterial can be forced to recover its shape by heating. Bioinspired Soft Elastic Metamaterials for Reconstruction of Natural Hearing Trimorph origami Triclinic Metamaterials by Tristable Origami with Reprogrammable Frustration The Trimorph origami demonstrates the possibility of creating origami metamaterials with symmetries that are hitherto nonexistent, leading to triclinic metamaterials with tunable anisotropy for potential applications such as wave propagation control and compliant microrobots. Triclinic Metamaterials by Tristable Origami with Reprogrammable Frustration intro. Trimorph origami pattern with a simple and insightful geometry: a basic unit cell with four tilted panels and four corresponding creases. In this PAPER we use computational structural optimisation to consider the multi-objective design of piezoelectric materials for both stiffness and piezoelectric properties. Piezoelectric materials have wide sensing and energy transduction applications due to their inherent coupling of mechanical deformation and electric field. A fluidic relaxation oscillator for reprogrammable sequential actuation in soft robots Growth rules for irregular architected materials with programmable properties Programmable/Tunable Design In-plane elasticity of beetle elytra inspired sandwich cores The Beetle Elytron Plate (BEP) is a new class of biomimetic sandwich core that features excellent compressive strength, energy absorption capacity and flexural properties. A mechanical metamaterial with reprogrammable logical functions PAPERS Predicting deformation mechanisms in architected metamaterials using GNN custom Poisson’s ratios Sequential metamaterials with alternating Poisson’s ratios Kirigami auxetic structure for high efficiency power harvesting in self-powered and wireless structural health monitoring systems Combining advanced 3D printing technologies with origami principles: A new paradigm for the design of functional, durable, and scalable springs Combining advanced 3D printing technologies with origami principles: A new paradigm for the design of functional, durable, and scalable springs Conformal elasticity of mechanism-based metamaterials Multi-material Multi-material topology optimization and additive manufacturing for metamaterials incorporating double negative indexes of Poisson’s ratio and thermal expansion Multi-material topology optimization and additive manufacturing for metamaterials incorporating double negative indexes of Poisson’s ratio and thermal expansion Multi-material topology optimization and additive manufacturing for metamaterials incorporating double negative indexes of Poisson’s ratio and thermal expansion Bioinspired Soft Elastic Metamaterials for Reconstruction of Natural Hearing Bioinspired Soft Elastic Metamaterials for Reconstruction of Natural Hearing Deep Learning-Accelerated Designs of Tunable Magneto-Mechanical Metamaterials In this work, we develop an inverse design framework where a deep residual network replaces the conventional finite- element analysis for acceleration, realizing metamaterials with predetermined global strains under magnetic actuations. Direct Ink Writing (DIW) 4D PRINTING(Direct Ink Writing Based +appli.) Deep Learning-Accelerated Designs of Tunable Magneto-Mechanical Metamaterials @@@ REVIEW: Active Mechanical Metamaterials @@@ ML 4D PRINTING(Direct Ink Writing Based +appli.) @@ REVIEW: AM @@@ REVIEW: 3D PRINTING Future of additive manufacturing: Overview of 4D and 3D printed smart and advanced materials and their applications @@@ REVIEW: 4D PRINTING Mechanics-based design strategies for 4D printing: A review @@ REVIEW: Application @@@ REVIEW: Soft Actuator # A Review of 3D-Printable Soft Pneumatic Actuators and Sensors: Research Challenges and Opportunities Physics informs machine learning for crack-free printing of metals @@@@ metal Crack free metal printing Crack free metal printing using physics informed machine learning Direct Ink Writing: A 3D Printing Technology for Diverse Materials A Highly Multi-Stable Meta-Structure via Anisotropy for Large and Reversible Shape Transformation A Highly Multi-Stable Meta-Structure via Anisotropy for Large and Reversible Shape Transformation Active mechanical metamaterial with embedded piezoelectric actuation Active mechanical metamaterial with embedded piezoelectric actuation Harnessing Interpretable Machine Learning for Holistic Inverse Design of Origami Harnessing Interpretable Machine Learning for Holistic Inverse Design of Origami A Review on Origami Simulations: From Kinematics, To Mechanics, Toward Multiphysics A Review on Origami Simulations: From Kinematics, To Mechanics, Toward Multiphysics @@@ REVIEW: ORIGAMI Inverse design of shell-based mechanical metamaterial with customized loading curves based on machine learning and genetic algorithm Inverse design of shell-based mechanical metamaterial with customized loading curves based on machine learning and genetic algorithm @@@ heuristic optimization methods genetic algorithm (GA) Genetic algorithm in machine learning is mainly adaptive heuristic or search engine algorithms that provide solutions for search and optimization problems in machine learning. It is a methodology that solves unconstrained and constrained optimization problems based on natural selection. Inverse design of shell-based mechanical metamaterial with customized loading curves based on machine learning and genetic algorithm Gan (Generative Adversarial Network) Reinforcement Learning is a type of machine learning algorithm that combines supervised learning and unsupervised learning techniques to enable machines to learn by interacting with the environment. Programming Multistable Metamaterials to Discover Latent Functionalities @@@@ SNAPPING Programming Multistable Metamaterials to Discover Latent Functionalities A 1D array, that is chain, of bistable cells is studied to explore instability-induced energy release and snapping sequences under one external mechanical stimulus. Using multi-stable mechanical metamaterials to develop deployable structures, electrical devices, and mechanical memories raises two unanswered questions: [Programming M.] 1) First, can mechanical instability be programmed to design sensors and memory devices? 2) Second, how can mechanical properties be tuned at the post-fabrication stage via external stimuli? Answering these questions requires a thorough understanding of the snapping sequences and variations of the elastic energy in multistable metamaterials. Shape-morphing structures based on perforated kirigami @@@REVIEW: COMPOSITE MATERIAL Extraordinary Disordered Hyperuniform Multifunctional Composites componentstructures that have desirable mechanical, thermal, electrical,optical, acoustic and flow properties. # Extraordinary Disordered Hyperuniform Multifunctional Composites componentstructures that have desirable mechanical, thermal, electrical,optical, acoustic and flow properties. Generative design, manufacturing, and molecular modeling of 3D architected materials based on natural language input Generative design, manufacturing, and molecular modeling of 3D architected materials based on natural language input @@@ NANO Generative design, manufacturing, and molecular modeling of 3D architected materials based on natural language input The novel materials are further analyzed in a metallic realization as an aluminum- based nano-architecture, using molecular dynamics modeling and thereby providing mechanistic insights into the physical behavior of the material under extreme compressive loading. A graded metamaterial for broadband and high-capability piezoelectric energy harvesting # 3D Auxetic Metamaterials with Elastically-Stable Continuous Phase Transition Transfer Poisson # 3D Auxetic Metamaterials with Elastically-Stable Continuous Phase Transition Dispersion relation prediction and structure inverse design of elastic metamaterials via deep learning Slow kinks in dissipative kirigami Topological invariant and anomalous edge modes of strongly nonlinear systems @@@ ANTENNA Machine learning assisted metamaterial‑based reconfgurable antenna for low‑cost portable electronic devices Extra Tree Regression 3D Programmable Metamaterials Based on Reconfigurable Mechanism Modules 3D Programmable Metamaterials Based on Reconfigurable Mechanism Modules negative Poisson's ratio, positive Poisson's ratio, and even zero Poisson's ratio 3D Programmable Metamaterials Based on Reconfigurable Mechanism Modules negative Poisson's ratio, positive Poisson's ratio, and even zero Poisson's ratio This work opens up avenues for the design of programmable metamaterials based on the perspective of kinematic bifurcation generating from single DOF systems, Impact Resistance of 3D Cellular Structures for Protective Clothing PAPER Intro Impact Resistance of 3D Cellular Structures for Protective Clothing intro @COLORS TO BE READ READ THOROLY INTERESTING The shape memory effect in polymers and alloys enables programming the response of structures via temperature changes ; however, the number of materials exhibiting such memory behavior is limited, their response to thermal load is considerably slow, and programming is required to guide the deformation of shape memory materials. The recently revived structural bistability concept offers a potential to design and program reconfigurable structures. In this study, we introduce a thermally bistable structure that displays an abrupt shape memory effect along with snap-through instability behavior. We demonstrate the effect of the wall stiffness of the structure on the bistability of a mechanically bistable element and its nonlinear response. We utilize the thermal softening behavior of two distinct polymers to design a bistable bimaterial structure that restores its original shape when the environment reaches a specific temperature, referred to as triggering temperature. The results reveal that the triggering temperature can change within a range of 300C by changing the width ratio of the stiff material at the wall from 0 to 0.5 for specific material composition. The proposed concept offers new opportunities to utilize tessellated bistable structures as self-sensing actuators and intelligent deployable structures since they can be designed to reconfigure in response to certain changes in temperature. The shape memory effect in polymers and alloys enables programming the response of structures via temperature changes; however, the number of materials exhibiting such memory behavior is limited , their response to thermal load is considerably slow, and programming is required to guide the deformation of shape memory materials. The recently revived structural bistability concept offers a potential to design and program recon-figurable structures. In this study, we introduce a thermally bistable structure that displays an abrupt shape memory effect along with snap-through instability behavior. We demonstrate the effect of the wall stiffness of the structure on the bistability of a mechanically bistable element and its nonlinear response . We utilize the thermal softening behavior of two distinct polymers to design a bistable bimaterial structure that restores its original shape when the environment reaches a specific temperature, referred to as triggering temperature. The results reveal that the triggering temperature can change within a range of 300C by changing the width ratio of the stiff material at the wall from 0 to 0.5 for specific material composition. The proposed concept offers new oppor-tunities to utilize tessellated bistable structures as self-sensing actuators and intelligent deployable structures since they can be designed to reconfigure in response to certain changes in temperature. Programming Tunable thermally bistable multi-material structure The shape memory effect in polymers and alloys enables programming the response of structures via temperature changes; however, the number of materials exhibiting such memory behavior is limited , their response to thermal load is considerably slow, and programming is required to guide the deformation of shape memory materials. The recently revived structural bistability concept offers a potential to design and program recon-figurable structures. In this study, we introduce a thermally bistable structure that displays an abrupt shape memory effect along with snap-through instability behavior. We demonstrate the effect of the wall stiffness of the structure on the bistability of a mechanically bistable element and its nonlinear response . We utilize the thermal softening behavior of two distinct polymers to design a bistable bimaterial structure that restores its original shape when the environment reaches a specific temperature, referred to as triggering temperature. The results reveal that the triggering temperature can change within a range of 300C by changing the width ratio of the stiff material at the wall from 0 to 0.5 for specific material composition. The proposed concept offers new oppor-tunities to utilize tessellated bistable structures as self-sensing actuators and intelligent deployable structures since they can be designed to reconfigure in response to certain changes in temperature. Programming 0622 Reading assignment Limit cycles turn active matter into robots Inverse design of multishape metamaterials Buckling Metamaterials for Extreme Vibration Damping @@@@ isotropy and anisotropy Non-orientable order and non-commutative response in frustrated metamaterials Highlights A bistable structure is designed and prototyped to respond to multi-physical stimuli. Bimaterial thermally bistable structure can mimic the behavior of SMAs/SMPs. Thermally bistable structure restores shape when heated to triggering temperature. The triggering temperature can be tailored by changing the design parameters. The proposed structure can be tessellated in different directions. ABS. @@@ INTRO. @@@ soft robot review bistable materials and structures have two stable configurations; they can remain in a: 1) non-initial stable equilibrium after deformation. When we apply force to a deformable body and then remove it, the body either deforms permanently or restores its initial shape elastically. 2) The permanent deformation is often irreversible since it is associated with material failure or plasticity; 3) however, bistable structures can demonstrate reversible permanent deformation. Application: Methods. fused filament fabrication (FFF) and direct writing (DW), provide the means to fabricate multistable one-dimensional and two-dimensional structures with tailored buckling for restorable shock absorbers bistable structures PAPERS Triple Jetting: 3D Printing Polyjet Technology Intro. Droplets of material are deposited from the print head onto surface where required, using either thermal or piezoelectric method. Droplets of material solidify and make up the first layer. Further layers are built up as before on top of the previous. Methods. Application. Tripple jetting technology also facilitates the fabrication of more complex torsional [9,10] or hierarchical bistable [11] structures, which can achieve multiple activated states depending on the magnitude and direction of loading value. Tripple jetting technology also facilitates the fabrication of more complex torsional [9,10] or hierarchical bistable [11] structures, which can achieve multiple activated states depending on the magnitude and direction of loading value. General Tunable thermally bistable multi-material structure The variety of topologies proposed for bistable architectures paves the path for designing structures with targeted stable configurations. Bistable structures have a binary response to loading conditions, i.e., they can have two stable configurations; initial and deformed. INTRO. have two stable configurations; meaning that they can remain in a non-initial stable equilibrium after deformation. 【AM】 fused filament fabrication (FFF) and direct writing (DW), provide the means to fabricate multistable one-dimensional and two-dimensional structures with tailored buckling for restorable shock absorbers 【bistable materials and structures】 Tripple jetting technology also facilitates the fabrication of more complex torsional [9,10] or hierarchical bistable [11] structures, which can achieve multiple activated states depending on the magnitude and direction of loading value. 【Stimuli】 magnetic [23–25], electric [4], thermal conditions [26,27], and liquid diffusion [28]. 1）Magnetic actuation of bistable structures allows fast transformations between complex 3D printed ferromagnetic materials [23]. 2）The possibility of reprogramming bistable actuators through applying a magnetic field was also demonstrated through tessellated mechanical metamaterials with stable memories [24]. 3）Reconfiguring a structure to its second stable configuration by applying an electrical field was enabled by a trilayered polymeric material containing dielectric elastomers [4]. By referring 【4】 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/am-pdf/ 10.1002/adfm.201802999 4）*Thermal triggered origami design for active reconfiguration indifferent temperature A few studies proposed the possibility of thermal actuation of a bistable structure and demonstrated the configurational changes by altering temperature [26, 27,29]. Origami designs were employed to facilitate active reconfiguration, triggered by temperature modulation, in architected structures with multiple stable configurations [30,31]. Logic was also embodied in an autonomous system by the transition between bistability and monostability, 5) and the liquid diffusion was exploited as a stimuli to trigger shape changes [28]. 【Trigger design】 We present a strategy to reconfigure a bistable state without requiring any inherent shape memory properties, nor any shape memory programming. 【programming】 The programmability is possible through varying geometrical features (i.e. struts‘ thickness and the width ratio of stiff material), which can be readily handled by AM. 【SMP & SMA in practical】 The shape memory effect in special alloys and polymers occurs when a temperature-induced phase transformation reverses deformation [33]. Fig. 1a presents a typical cycle of load-deformation-temperature in shape memory alloys where a deformed detwinned martensite microstructure restores its original shape after being heated and transformed to the austenite phase. Twinned Martensite The twinned martensite is formed by a combination of self-accommodated martensitic variants, whereas in the de- twinned martensite a specific variant is predominant. From: Shape Memory Alloy Engineering, 2015 From <https://www.sciencedirect.com/ topics/mathematics/twinned-martensite> The detwinned martensite, which forms while cooling below Ms if a compressive or tensile stress, above a certain threshold, is applied to the material. Under this condition, all domains orient themselves according to the direction of the applied loads and the material exhibits the typical large, plastic-like strain. The reorientation process is called detwinning because it implies the disappearance of all the twin variants and we call this variant stress martensite. From <https://www.sciencedirect.com/ topics/mathematics/twinned-martensite> Austenite Phase From <https://www.sciencedirect.com/ topics/engineering/austenite-phase> Tunable thermally bistable multi-material structure # Tunable auxeticity in hydrogenated carbon nanotube origami metamaterial Inspired by the origami architecture and the progress in the functionalization of carbon-based nanomaterials, we design a carbon nanotube origami (CNT-O) metamaterial with the assistance of hydrogenation and by utilizing molecular dynamics simulation. # Tunable auxeticity in hydrogenated carbon nanotube origami metamaterial Inspired by the origami architecture and the progress in the functionalization of carbon-based nanomaterials, we design a carbon nanotube origami (CNT-O) metamaterial with the assistance of hydrogenation and by utilizing molecular dynamics simulation. # Tunable auxeticity in hydrogenated carbon nanotube origami metamaterial Abstract: [Phase transitions limitation] In solid state physics, 1) phase transitions can influence material functionality and alter their properties. 2) In mechanical metamaterials, structural-phase transitions can be achieved through instability or buckling of certain structural elements. However, these fast transitions in one mechanical parameter typically affect significantly the remaining parameters, hence, limiting their applications. Here, this limitation is addressed by designing a novel 3D mechanical metamaterial that is capable of undergoing a phase transition from positive to negative Poisson's ratio under compression, without significant degradation of Young's modulus (i.e. the phase transition is elastically-stable). [method] The metamaterial is fabricated by two-photon lithography at the micro-scale and its mechanical behavior is assessed experimentally. [3D shape] For another choice of structural parameters, it is then shown that the auxetic behavior of the considered 3D metamaterial class can be maintained over a wide range of applied compressive strain. Figure 1.Design philosophy of the novel 3D auxetic metamaterial. a) The partially-auxetic substructure has expansion behavior in thex-direction andcontraction behavior in they-direction when compressed in thez- direction. For some specific parameters, contraction in they-direction is larger thanexpansion in thex- direction, that isΔy>Δx. The green dotted line outlines the pre-deformed shape in thexy-plane when the substructure is compressedin thez-direction. b) Repeatable cell obtained by alternately arranging the partially-auxetic substructure along thex−andy-directions. c) Unit cell withnegative Poisson’s ratio effect in all three principal directions. d) SEM images of the considered 3D mechanical metamaterial fabricated by two photonlithography with the custom IP-S resin. e) A close-up view taken from (d). Active Materials for Functional Origami ORIGAMI PATTERNS Design, Actuation, and Functionalization of Untethered Soft Magnetic Robots with Life-Like Motions: A Review other ORIGAMI PATTERN Algorithmic design of origami mechanisms and tessellations Origami-inspired thin-film shape memory alloy devicesz Architected Origami Materials: How Folding Creates Sophisticated Mechanical Properties @@ REVIEW: design, material, function, fubrication Design, material, function, and fabrication of metamaterials Three different Poission Rate Subtopic Subtopic Design, Actuation, and Functionalization of Untethered Soft Magnetic Robots with Life-Like Motions: A Review @@@ REVIEW: soft Robots Decade of bio-inspired soft robots: a review Tessellation: MIURA-Ori # Origami-inspired Miura-ori honeycombs with a self-locking property # Multimaterial 3D printed self-locking thick-panel origami metamaterials [Abstract] Thick-panel origami has shown great potential in engineering applications. [Problems] However, the thick-panel origami created by current design methods cannot be readily adopted to structural applications due to the inefficient manufacturing methods. [What] thick-panel origami structures with excellent foldability and capability of withstanding cyclic loading. [AM] (FDM) (multimaterial) rigid panels are wrapped and connected by highly stretchable soft parts. [Configuration] Through stacking two thick-panel origami panels into a predetermined configuration, we develop a 3D self-locking thick-panel origami structure that deforms by following a push-to-pull mode [Pros] enabling the origami structure to support a load over 11000 times of its own weight and sustain more than 100 cycles of 40% compressive strain. [Programmable] After optimizing geometric parameters through a self-built theoretical model, we demonstrate that the mechanical response of the self-locking thick-panel origami structure is highly programmable, and such multi-layer origami structure can have a substantially improved impact energy absorption for various structural applications. rigid-foldable origami *Multimaterial 3D printed self-locking thick-panel origami metamaterials Intro. [Rigid-foldable origami] Rigid-foldable origami or rigid origami is a subset of origami, where facets that are typically rigid panels rotate around predetermined hinges without any tension-bend deformation during continuous folding process Therefore, rigid-foldable origami can be regarded as a deployment mechanism with stiff panels and hinges, which have advantages in various engineering applications25. In general, rigid-foldable origami patterns are created from idealized models that treat the facets as having zero thickness PLA/ABS + TPU (b), reprinted with permission from van Manen et al., “Theoretical stiffness limits of 4D printed selffolding metamaterials,” Commun. Mater. 3, 43 (2022). Copyright 2023 Springer Nature Limited. An example of the applications of mechanical metamaterials in biomedical engineering for creating meta-biomaterials # Theoretical stiffness limits of 4D printed self-folding metamaterials Selg-folding cubic lattice # Theoretical stiffness limits of 4D printed self-folding metamaterials # Self-bridging metamaterials surpassing the theoretical limit of Poisson’s ratios Engineering zero modes in transformable mechanical metamaterials # Encoding reprogrammable properties into magneto-mechanical materials via topology optimization Electromagnetic Reconfiguration Using Stretchable Mechanical Metamaterials Material . ABS is a thermoplastic It is known for its strength and durability, making it a popular choice for functional parts and prototypes. ABS is also known for its high resistance to impact and heat, making it a good choice for parts that will be exposed to these conditions. . PLA is a biodegradable thermoplastic that is made from renewable resources such as corn starch or sugarcane. It is a popular choice for 3D printing due to its ease of use and low environmental impact. PLA is known for its high quality of print, producing smooth and detailed parts. PLA is not as strong or durable as ABS, so it may not be the best choice for functional parts or prototypes that will be exposed to impact or heat. . PETG is a thermoplastic that is known for its high strength and durability, making it a good choice for functional parts and prototypes. It also has a high resistance to impact and heat, making it a great option for parts that will be exposed to these conditions. Additionally, PETG is known for its high transparency, making it a good choice for parts that require a clear finish. However, PETG is also known to emit a strong, unpleasant odor when it is being printed, which can be a concern for some users. . TPU is a flexible thermoplastic that is known for its high flexibility and elasticity. It is a popular choice for 3D printing soft parts such as phone cases and flexible hinges. TPU is also known for its high resistance to impact and heat, making it a good choice for parts that will be exposed to these conditions. However, TPU is not as strong or durable as ABS or PETG, so it may not be the best choice for functional parts or prototypes that require a high level of strength. The last type of filament we will discuss is Nylon. Nylon is a thermoplastic that is known for its high strength, durability and flexibility. It is a popular choice for 3D printing functional parts and prototypes that require a high level of strength. Nylon is also known for its high resistance to impact and heat, making it a good choice for parts that will be exposed to these conditions. However, Nylon is also known to absorb moisture, which can affect the quality of the print. Additionally, Nylon can be difficult to print with, as it requires higher temperatures and a heated bed to prevent warping. @@@ DL @@@ 4D PRINTING Environment-responsive soft robots constructed from twisted LCE ribbons with a stra # Theoretical stiffness limits of 4D printed self-folding metamaterials # Adaptive metamaterials by functionally graded 4D printing Design for 4D printing: Modeling and computation of smart materials distributions Using PDM and Polyjet @@@ REVIEW: KIRIGAMI An additive framework for kirigami design 4D # Adaptive metamaterials by functionally graded 4D printing Design for 4D printing: Modeling and computation of smart materials distributions Using PDM and Polyjet MULTI-MATERIAL SHAPE CHANGE Subtopic https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/abs/pii/S1742706123003380 A review of 4D printing # Modeling and analysis of post- processing conditions on 4D- bioprinting of deformable hydrogel- based biomaterial inks Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymers that possess both solid and liquid mechanical behaviors through aggregation of polymer networks and solvent molecules. 4D printing: Historical evolution, computational insights and emerging applications @@@ REVIEW: ACTUATION MATERIALs Even a simple, low-cost soft robot can have a high degree of dexterity, adaptability, and redundancy, allowing for safe interaction with a variety of environments and biological structures shape-memory alloys, dielectric elastomers,[9] ionic polymers,[10,11] and hydrogel-based actuators,[12–14] @@@@ Robot Design shape-memory alloys,[7,8] dielectric elastomers,[9] ionic polymers,[10,11] and hydrogel-based actuators,[12–14] [14] X. Le, W. Lu, J. Zhang, T. Chen, Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1801584 Recent Progress in Biomimetic Anisotropic Hydrogel Actuators @@@ REVIEW: HYDROGEL # Recent Progress in Biomimetic Anisotropic Hydrogel Actuators Active Materials for Functional Origami Active Materials for Functional Origami @@@ HYDROGELS # Modeling and analysis of post-processing conditions on 4D-bioprinting of deformable hydrogel-based biomaterial inks Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymers that possess both solid and liquid mechanical behaviors through aggregation of polymer networks and solvent molecules. A hydrogel-based mechanical metamaterial for the interferometric profiling of extracellular vesicles in patient samples # Magnetorheological Fluid-Based Flow Control for Soft Robots actuation methods such as shape-memoryalloys, [7,8]dielectric elastomers, [9]ionicpolymers,[10,11]and hydrogel- based actua-tors,[1 Refer [18]Soft Poly-Limbs: Toward a New Paradigm of Mobile Manipulation for Daily Living Tasks Recent Progress in Biomimetic Anisotropic Hydrogel Actuators [14] X. Le, W. Lu, J. Zhang, T. Chen, Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1801584 # Recent Progress in Biomimetic Anisotropic Hydrogel Actuators @@@@ sub-REVIEW: HYDROGEL Bioinspired hydrogel actuator for soft robotics: Opportunity and challenges Nature-inspired strategies for the synthesis of hydrogel actuators and their applications @@@ graphene # 3D Printed Graphene-Based Metamaterials: Guesting Multi- Functionality in One Gain Advanced functional materials with fascinating properties and extended structural design have greatly broadened their applications. Metamaterials, exhibiting unprecedented physical properties (mechanical, electromagnetic, acoustic, etc.), are considered frontiers of physics, material science, and engineering. With the emerging 3D printing technology, the manufacturing of metamaterials becomes much more convenient. Graphene, due to its superior properties such as large surface area, superior electrical/thermal conductivity, and outstanding mechanical properties, shows promising applications to add multi-functionality into existing metamaterials for various applications. In this review, the aim is to outline the latest developments and applications of 3D printed graphene-based metamaterials . The structure design of different types of metamaterials and the fabrication strategies for 3D printed graphene-based materials are first reviewed. Then the representative explorations of 3D printed graphene-based metamaterials and multi-functionality that can be introduced with such a combination are further discussed. Subsequently, challenges and opportunities are provided, seeking to point out future directions of 3D printed graphene-based metamaterials. @@@@ graphene patch antenna A reconfigurable graphene patch antenna inverse design at terahertz frequencies This article investigates the inverse design of a reconfigurable multi-band patch antenna based on graphene for terahertz applications to operate frequency range (2–5THz). Then and due to the complexity of the design of graphene antenna, a deep neural network (DNN) is used to predict the antenna parameters by given inputs like desired realized gain, main lobe direction, half power beam width, and return loss in each resonance frequency. The trained DNN model predicts almost with 93% accuracy and 3% mean square error in the shortest time. Then, this network was used to design five-band and three-band antennas, and it has been shown that the desired antenna parameters are achieved with negligible errors. Therefore, the proposed antenna finds many potential applications in the THz frequency band. @@@@ 3D printed graphene-based metamaterials @@@ Textile Metamaterials Implant-to-implant wireless networking with metamaterial textiles Textile-integrated metamaterials for near- field multibody area networks Design, characterization and fabrication of a flexible broadband metamaterial absorber based on textile Digitally-embroidered liquid metal electronic textiles for wearable wireless systems @@ MINDSTORM Non-reciprocal and non-Newtonian mechanical metamaterials Non-Newtonian liquids are characterized by stress and velocity-dependent dynamical response. In elasticity, and in particular, in the field of phononics, reciprocity in the equations acts against obtaining a directional response for passive media. Active stimuli-responsive materials have been conceived to overcome it. Significantly, Milton and Willis have shown theoretically in 2007 that quasi-rigid bodies containing masses at resonance can display a very rich dynamical behavior, hence opening a route toward the design of non-reciprocal and non-Newtonian metamaterials. In this PAPER, we design a solid structure that displays unidirectional shock resistance, thus going beyond Newton’s second law in analogy to non-Newtonian fluids. We design the mechanical metamaterial with finite element analysis and fabricate it using three-dimensional printing at the centimetric scale (with fused deposition modeling) and at the micrometric scale (with two-photon lithography). The non-Newtonian elastic response is measured via dynamical velocity-dependent experiments. Reversing the direction of the impact, we further highlight the intrinsic non- reciprocal response. @@@ Non-reciprocal and non- Newtonian @@@ Disordered hyperuniform media # Extraordinary Disordered Hyperuniform Multifunctional Composites componentstructures that have desirable mechanical, thermal, electrical,optical, acoustic and flow properties. Disordered hyperuniform manufacturing @@@ Heterogeneous materials Heterogeneous materials consisting of different phases are ideally suited to achieve a broad spectrum of desirable bulk physical properties by combining the best features of the constituents through the strategic spatial arrangement of the different phases. intro Design+ Manu # Designing disordered hyperuniform two-phase materials with novel physical properties Methodology to construct large realizations of perfectly hyperuniform disordered packings Multifunctional composites for elastic and electromagnetic wave propagation Our findings enable one to design multifunctional composites via inverse techniques, including the exterior components of spacecraft or building materials, heat sinks for CPUs, sound- absorbing housings for motors, and nondestructive evaluation of materials. Polymer: PDU @@@ BI-MATERIAL # Repeated Functions Active Shape-Shifting Load Bearing and Impact Protection Elastic Waves Propagation Adjustment Acoustic Stealth Mobility @@@ SELF HEALING/SELF FOLDING/ SELF-LOCKING ORIGAMI simulation tools/Origami Simulator The detwinned martensite methodology # Designing disordered hyperuniform two-phase materials with novel physical properties Multifunctional composites for elastic and electromagnetic wave propagation Methodology to construct large realizations of perfectly hyperuniform disordered packings In the thermomechanical analysis, we consider the shape recovery%, the force recovery%, and the shape fixity% as the shape memory properties. thermomechanical analysis @@@@ thermomechanical Advances in 3D/4D printing of mechanical metamaterials: From manufacturing to applications @@@@ TUBULAR @@@@ UNIT CELL/CELLULAR A Highly Multi-Stable Meta-Structure via Anisotropy for Large and Reversible Shape Transformation @@@@ CYLINDER honeycomb unit cell # Origami-inspired Miura-ori honeycombs with a self-locking property thin-walled cellular structures # Inverse machine learning discovered metamaterials with record high recovery stress Highlights Discovered thin-walled cellular structures by statistical analysis and machine learning. 4D printed thin-walled cellular structures with record-high recovery stress. In-plane mechanical behavior superior to control honeycomb. Machine learning discovered bending- dominated metamaterials showing comparable or better mechanical properties than tension dominated metamaterials. # 4D Multiscale Origami Soft Robots: A Review # 4D Multiscale Origami Soft Robots: A Review Approaches for Minimizing Joints in Single-Degree-of-Freedom Origami- Based Mechanisms Continuum Field Theory for the Deformations of Planar Kirigami # Multimaterial 3D printed self-locking thick-panel origami metamaterials Origami-inspired Miura-ori honeycombs with a self-locking property # Theoretical stiffness limits of 4D printed self-folding metamaterials # Self-bridging metamaterials surpassing the theoretical limit of Poisson’s ratios # Encoding reprogrammable properties into magneto-mechanical materials via topology optimization Deep-Learning-Enabled Intelligent Design of Thermal Metamaterials report @@@ Textile # @@@ Textile Metamaterials Implant-to-implant wireless networking with metamaterial textiles Textile-integrated metamaterials for near- field multibody area networks Design, characterization and fabrication of a flexible broadband metamaterial absorber based on textile Digitally-embroidered liquid metal electronic textiles for wearable wireless systems @@@ ENERGY HARVESTING Mechanical energy metamaterials in interstellar travel Discussion indicates that kinetic energy resulted in cosmic dust grains collision and photovoltaic energy from starlight can be the main energy sources for mechanical energy metamaterials. Very interesting but no PAPER @@@ ADHESION/ADHESIVE Metamaterial adhesives for programmable adhesion through reverse crack propagation Adhesives are typically either strong and permanent or reversible with limited strength . However, current strategies to create strong yet reversible adhesives needed for wearable devices, robotics and material disassembly lack independent control of strength and release, require complex fabrication or only work in specific conditions. Here we report metamaterial adhesives that simultaneously achieve strong and releasable adhesion with spatially selectable adhesion strength through programmed cut architectures. Nonlinear cuts uniquely suppress crack propagation by forcing cracks to propagate backwards for 60× enhancement in adhesion, while allowing crack growth in the opposite direction for easy release and reusability. This mechanism functions in numerous adhesives on diverse substrates in wet and dry conditions and enables highly tunable adhesion with independently programmable adhesion strength in two directions simultaneously at any location. We create these multifunctional materials in a maskless, digital fabrication framework to rapidly customize adhesive characteristics with deterministic control for next-generation adhesives. Material (PDMS) adhesive supported on an inextensible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) backing. programmable [two directional forces] We spatially programmed adhesion in discrete regions and decoupled the directionality by introducing a second set of rectangular cuts into each adhesive region to independently tune the maximum force in both peel directions Reversible Abstract Metamaterial adhesives are unique compared to a range of common reversible adhesives and strong adhesives, achieving Post-it Note-like easy release and reusability at Fmin, with adhesive strength comparable to duct tape at Fmax (Fig. 1f). [two force range] We define the maximum adhesion force (Fmax) as the condition at which high adhesion is generated, and the minimum adhesion force (Fmin) as the condition at which low adhesion or easy release is attained. two dirrectional TOy model Macromolecule conformational shaping for extreme mechanical programming of polymorphic hydrogel fibers helix Fabrication of helix–fiber composites with mechanically coupled core- wrapping for programmable properties no access @@@@ PAPERS @@@@ PAPERS @@@@ PAPERS @@@@ commercially available/self- assembled 3D printer Photonic neural network (PNN) Dual adaptive training of photonic neural networks papers intro With high bandwidth, high connectivity, built-in hardware processing and other characteristics, it can accelerate the partial attack of the mixture of software and electronic hardware, and can reach the "light speed", providing a promising method to replace the scheme of artificial neural network. @@@ papers [2023] Multistable sheets with rewritable patterns for switchable shape-morphing [2023] Embedded shape morphing for morphologically adaptive robots Embedded shape morphing [2023] Embedded shape morphing for morphologically adaptive robots We showcase this embedded scheme using three morphing robotic systems: 1) self-sensing shape-morphing grippers that can adapt to objects for adaptive grasping; 2) a quadrupedal robot that can morph its body shape for different terrestrial locomotion modes (walk, crawl, or horizontal climb); 3) an untethered robot that can morph its limbs’ shape for amphibious locomotion. Shape-morphing robots can change their morphology to fulfill different tasks in varying environments, but existing shape- morphing capability is not embedded in a robot’s body, requiring bulky supporting equipment. Here, we report an embedded shape-morphing scheme with the shape actuation, sensing, and locking, all embedded in a robot’s body. why emmbedded programmble Design We also create a library of embedded morphing modules to demonstrate the versatile programmable shapes (e.g., torsion, 3D bending, surface morphing, etc.). Our embedded morphing scheme offers a promising avenue for robots to reconfigure their morphology in an embedded manner that can adapt to different environments on demand. https://www.nature.com/articles/ s41467-023-41708-6/figures/2 The actuation and sensing (Fig. 2b) for the module are both accomplished by a twisted-and-coiled actuator (TCA), a thermal-driven artificial muscle that can contract when heated up and relax after cooling down. A TCA is chosen for the actuation because 1) it can be actuated by electricity with a low voltage (a few volts) but with a large energy density (larger than human muscles); 2) it can serve both as an actuator and a sensor (i.e., self- sensing) at the same time47; 3) it is soft and can be embedded into a structure in any shapes48. @@@@ SOFT ROBOT Manu. # 4D Multiscale Origami Soft Robots: A Review Programming Nonreciprocity Programming nonreciprocity and reversibility in multistable mechanical metamaterials @@@ Medical Use Additive manufacturing and post-processing of superelastic NiTi micro struts as building blocks for cardiovascular stents Topological defects produce exotic mechanics in complex metamaterials Topo Rigidly flat-foldable class of lockable origami-inspired metamaterials with topological stiff states # Rigidly flat-foldable class of lockable origami-inspired metamaterials with topological stiff states Auxetic Kirigami Metamaterials upon Large Stretching Auxetic Kirigami Metamaterials upon Large Stretching Deep learning for the rare-event rational design of 3D printed multi- material mechanical metamaterials # Deep Learning in Mechanical Metamaterials: From Prediction and Generation to Inverse Design @@@@ HYDROGELS PAPERS @ LABELS [2022] - PAPER PUBLILSHED YEAR [2022-10%] - PAPER IMPORTANCY @: sub-title @@ REVIEW: Metamaterial REVIEW [2023-80%] Mechanical metamaterials and beyond [2023-10%] A reprogrammable mechanical metamaterial with origami functional-group transformation and ring reconfiguration Here, we introduce a reprogrammable mechanical metamaterial composed of origami elements with heterogeneous mechanical properties, which achieves various mechanical behavior patterns by functional group transformations and ring reconfigurations. @@@@ Shape transformation/ multibody kinematic system [2023-20%] A multibody kinematic system approach for the design of shape-morphing mechanism-based metamaterials Here, we present a method to assess the shape-matching behavior of shape-morphing structures using a multibody systems approach wherein the structure is represented by a collection of nodes and their associated constraints. This representation preserves the kinematic properties of the original structure while allowing for a rigorous treatment of the shape-morphing behavior of the underlying metamaterial. We assessed the utility of the proposed method by applying it to a wide range of 2D/3D sample shape-morphing structures. A modular system of joints and links was also 3D printed for the experimental realization of the systems under study. Both our simulations and the experiments confirmed the ability of the presented technique to capture the true shape-morphing behavior of complex shape-morphing metamaterials. @@@ Painting # [2023-60%] Painting on programmable reconfigurable metastructures Lattices of micrometre-sized metamaterials embedded in thermoresponsive hydrogels deform upon heating to reveal encrypted images from a blank gel canvas. @@@@ THERMAL TRAGGERED HYDROGEL # [2023-60%] Painting on programmable reconfigurable metastructures Lattices of micrometre-sized metamaterials embedded in thermoresponsive hydrogels deform upon heating to reveal encrypted images from a blank gel canvas. Rapid inverse design with machine learning Rapid inverse design of metamaterials based on prescribed mechanical behavior through machine learning @@@@ Knitted/Stitch Programming Mechanics in Knitted Materials, Stitch by Stitch @@@@ HYDRIGEL MANUF. Rapid fabrication of physically robust hydrogels @@@ ELECTRIC @@@@ Phononic band–gap materials What is phononic band gap? Phononic band–gap materials prevent elastic waves in certain frequency ranges from propagating, and they may therefore be used to generate frequency filters, as beam splitters, as sound or vibration protection devices, or as waveguides. Micro-Scale Mechanical Metamaterial with a Controllable Transition in the Poisson's Ratio and Band Gap Formation @@@@ application [2023] 3D printing of polymer composites to fabricate wearable sensors: A comprehensive review @@@@ wearable SENSORS Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) TPMS metamaterial structures based on shape memory polymers: Mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical assessment Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are a type of metamaterial that get their unusual properties from the topology of microstructure elements, but they provide non-controllable properties. In the thermomechanical analysis, we consider the shape recovery%, the force recovery%, and the shape fixity% as the shape memory properties. programmable/encoding Digital Mechanical Metamaterial: Encoding Mechanical Information with Graphical Stiffness Pattern for Adaptive Soft Machines Inspired by the adaptive features exhibited by biological organisms like the octopus, soft machines that can tune their shape and mechanical properties have shown great potential in applications involving unstructured and continuously changing environments. However, current soft machines are far from achieving the same level of adaptability as their biological counterparts, hampered by limited real- time tunability and severely deficient reprogrammable space of properties and functionalities. As a steppingstone toward fully adaptive soft robots and smart interactive machines, this work introduces an encodable multifunctional material that uses graphical stiffness patterns to in situ program versatile mechanical capabilities without requiring additional infrastructure. Through independently switching the digital binary stiffness states (soft or rigid) of individual constituent units of a simple auxetic structure with elliptical voids, this work demonstrates in situ and gradational tunability in various mechanical qualities such as shape-shifting and -memory, stress-strain response, and Poisson's ratio under compressive load, as well as application-oriented functionalities such as tunable and reusable energy absorption and pressure delivery. This digitally programmable material is expected to pave the way toward multi- environment soft robots and interactive machines. @@ REVIEW: TEXTILE [2023-50%] Functional Textiles with Smart Properties: Their Fabrications and Sustainable Applications research activities of functional textiles with smart properties. Specifically, a brief exposition of highlighting the significance and rising demands of novel textiles throughout the human society is begun. Next, a systematic review is provided about the fabrication of functional textiles from 1D spinning, 2D modification, and 3D construction, their diverse functionality as well as sustainable applications, showing a clear picture of evolved textiles to the readers. How to engineer the compositions, structures, and properties of functional textiles is elaborated to achieve different smart properties. @@@@ REVIEW: bio-inspired soft robot @@@@ REVIEW: Origami Soft Robots @@@@ REVIEW: Soft Magnetic Robots @@@@ REVIEW: Soft Pneumatic Actuators @@@@ 3D Laser Nanoprinting 3D Laser Nanoprinting of Functional Materials # A Review of 3D-Printable Soft Pneumatic Actuators and Sensors: Research Challenges and Opportunities @@@@ Soft Pneumatic Actuators Zero-Power Shape Retention in Soft Pneumatic Actuators with Extensional and Bending Multistability 3D Knitting for Pneumatic Soft Robotics A deep learning approach for inverse design of gradient mechanical metamaterials @@@@ INVERSE DESIGN: ML/DL # Deep Learning in Mechanical Metamaterials: From Prediction and Generation to Inverse Design REVIEW Inverse Design of Inflatable Soft Membranes Through Machine Learning % WORDS: % WORDS: Machine learning assisted design of shape-programmable 3D kirigami metamaterials # Machine learning assisted design of shape-programmable 3D kirigami metamaterials ML @@ ML unclassified papers # Machine learning assisted design of shape-programmable 3D kirigami metamaterials @@@ intro. Composites depend on the spatial distributions of materials or properties. Including SMP/SMA/elastomer/hydrogel Difficulties:active material involves higher geometric or material nonlinearities (e.g., multiphysics driven material nonlinearity). Deep Learning-Assisted Active Metamaterials with Heat-Enhanced Thermal Transport @@ REVIEW: PROGRAMMABLE [2023-85%] programmable multi- physical mechanics of mechanical metamaterials Mechanical metamaterials are engineered materials with unconventional mechanical behavior that originates from artificially programmed microstructures along with intrinsic material properties. With tremendous advancement in computational and manufacturing capabilities to realize complex microstructures over the last decade, the field of mechanical metamaterials has been attracting wide attention due to immense possibilities of achieving unprecedented multi-physical properties which are not attainable in naturally-occurring materials. One of the rapidly emerging trends in this field is to couple the mechanics of material behavior and the unit cell architecture with different other multi-physical aspects such as electrical or magnetic fields, and stimuli like mtemperature, light or chemical reactions to expand the scope of actively programing on- demand mechanical responses. In this article, we aim to abridge outcomes of the relevant literature concerning mechanical and multi-physical property modulation of metamaterials focusing on the emerging trend of bi-level design, and subsequently highlight the broad-spectrum potential of mechanical metamaterials in their critical engineering applications. The evolving trends, challenges and future roadmaps have been critically analyzed here involving the notions of real-time reconfigurability and functionality programming, 4D printing, nano-scale metamaterials, artificial intelligence and machine learning, multi-physical origami/kirigami, living matter, soft and conformal metamaterials, manufacturing complex microstructures, service-life effects and scalability. One of the most rapidly evolving fields in mechanical metamaterials is soft metamaterials for their anticipated applications in a range of engineering systems including soft robotics and biomedical devices. In such analysis, the aspect of nonlinearity and large deformations @@ Service-life effects: environmental and operational conditions @@ REVIEW: MATERIAL # Inverse machine learning discovered metamaterials with record high recovery stress [2023] General assembly rules for metamaterials with scalable twist effects Highlights Screw theory to unravel mechanism underlying the unscalable twist effects. General assembly rules for scalable twist effects. An analytical scaling rule to characterize the twist angle. Scalable twist effects realized in various unit-cell geometries and multiple axes both numerically and experimentally. Evaluation of shock migration performance for a multi-stable mechanical metamaterial shock migration performance? quasi-static performance and the viscoelastic properties of the substrate are ignored, which could cause great deviations in shock migration performance evaluation. @@@ shock migration performance Evaluation of shock migration performance for a multi-stable mechanical metamaterial shock migration performance? quasi-static performance and the viscoelastic properties of the substrate are ignored, which could cause great deviations in shock migration performance evaluation. @@@ Tunable thermally bistable @@ REUSABLE A re-usable negative stiffness mechanical metamaterial composed of Bi-material systems for high energy dissipation and shock isolation A re-usable negative stiffness mechanical metamaterial composed of Bi-material systems for high energy dissipation and shock isolation A re-usable negative stiffness mechanical metamaterial composed of Bi-material systems for high energy dissipation and shock isolation Learning the nonlinear dynamics of mechanical metamaterials with graph networks graph networks. nonlinear Learning the nonlinear dynamics of mechanical metamaterials with graph networks graph networks. @@@@ ABAQUS Thermal–mechanical metamaterial analysis and optimization using an Abaqus plugin A designer’s challenge: Unraveling the architected structure of deep sea sponges for lattice mechanical metamaterials 子主题 Development, fabrication and mechanical characterisation of auxetic bicycle handlebar grip Adobe Introduces Project Primrose, a Digital Animated Dress That Can Change Patterns @@@@ Pattern Change Cloth [Adobe] Project Primrose: Reflective Light-Diffuser Modules for Non-Emissive Flexible Display Systems intro paper video #ProjectPrimrose | Adobe MAX Sneaks 2023 @@ CONTINUUM MECHANICS @@@ BOOK: @@@ PAPERS: An Introduction to Continuum Mechanics # [2022] Continuum Field Theory for the Deformations of Planar Kirigami (1) Kinematics (strain-displacement equations) (2) Kinetics (conservation of momenta) (3) Thermodynamics (first and second laws of thermodynamics) (4) Constitutive equations (stress-strain relations) @@@@ BOOKs Reinforcement Learning: An introduction (Second Edition) by Richard S. Sutton and Andrew G. Barto @@@@ Intro RL Reinforcement Learning 101 A reprogrammable mechanical metamaterial with origami functional-group transformation and ring reconfiguration @@ REPROGRAMMABLE A reprogrammable mechanical metamaterial with origami functional-group transformation and ring reconfiguration Deep Learning-Accelerated Designs of Tunable Magneto-Mechanical Metamaterials @@ DL METHODS Recurrent neural network (RNN); LSTM; GRU Connect nodes (neurons) forming a directed graph with history information stored in hidden states; operate on sequential data Prediction of fracture patterns in crystalline solids; prediction of plastic behaviors in heterogeneous materials;multi-scale modeling of porous media convolutional neural networks(CNNs) Capture features at different hierarchical levels by calculating convolutions; operate on pixel-based or voxel-based data Intro. structural topology optimization1 Applica. Prediction of strain fields or elastic properties of high-contrast composites Prediction of strain fields or elastic properties of high-contrast composites, modulus of unidirectional composites,stress fields in cantilevered structures, or yield strength of additive-manufactured metals; prediction of fatigue crack propagation in polycrystalline alloys; prediction of crystal plasticity; design of tessellate composites; design of stretchable graphene kirigami; Pro/Cons because the CNN model cannot predict some complicated designs very well whilst the inverse design problem requires high prediction accuracy Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP) A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a class of a feedforward artificial neural network (ANN). MLPs models are the most basic deep neural network, which is composed of a series of fully connected layers. Today, MLP machine learning methods can be used to overcome the requirement of high computing power required by modern deep learning architectures. Each new layer is a set of nonlinear functions of a weighted sum of all outputs (fully connected) from the prior one. Intro. deep neural network (DNN) A reconfigurable graphene patch antenna inverse design at terahertz frequencies This article investigates the inverse design of a reconfigurable multi-band patch antenna based on graphene for terahertz applications to operate frequency range (2–5THz). Then and due to the complexity of the design of graphene antenna, a deep neural network (DNN) is used to predict the antenna parameters by given inputs like desired realized gain, main lobe direction, half power beam width, and return loss in each resonance frequency. The trained DNN model predicts almost with 93% accuracy and 3% mean square error in the shortest time. Then, this network was used to design five-band and three-band antennas, and it has been shown that the desired antenna parameters are achieved with negligible errors. Therefore, the proposed antenna finds many potential applications in the THz frequency band. MLP CNN RNN variational autoencoders (VAEs) are mainly used for generating geometry in mechanical metamaterials Intro. Appli. This critical review provides a comprehensive overview of the capabilities of deep learning in property prediction, geometry generation, and inverse design of mechanical metamaterials. Additionally, this review highlights the potential of leveraging deep learning to create universally applicable datasets, intelligently designed metamaterials, and material intelligence. This article is expected to be valuable not only to researchers working on mechanical metamaterials but also those in the field of materials informatics. 3D PRINTING: DIW In this work, we develop an inverse design framework where a deep residual network replaces the conventional finite-element analysis for acceleration , realizing metamaterials with predetermined global strains under magnetic actuations. For validation, a direct-ink-writing printing method of the magnetic soft materials is adopted to fabricate the designed complex metamaterials. The deep learning-accelerated design framework opens avenues for the designs of magneto- mechanical metamaterials and other active metamaterials with target mechanical, acoustic, thermal, and electromagnetic properties.c Here, an intelligent design framework of thermal metamaterials is presented via a pre-trained deep learning model, which gracefully achieves the desired functional structures of thermal metamaterials with exceptional speed and efficiency, regardless of arbitrary geometry. It possesses incomparable versatility and is of great flexibility to achieve the corresponding design of thermal metamaterials with different background materials, anisotropic geometries, and thermal functionalities. In particular, we study the relationship between random distributions of hard and soft phases in three types of planar lattices and the resulting mechanical properties of the two-dimensional networks. We then select ten designs to be 3D printed, mechanically test them, and characterize their behavior using digital image correlation to validate the accuracy of our computational models. Our simulation results show that our deep learning-based algorithms can accurately predict the mechanical behavior of the different designs and that our modeling results match experimental observations. Heat management is crucial for state-of-the-art applications such as passive radiative cooling, thermally adjustable wearables, and camouflage systems. Their adaptive versions, to cater to varied requirements, lean on the potential of adaptive metamaterials. @@ four topics (1) Metamaterials (mechanical, phononic, acoustic etc.) (2) Reconfigurable and Multistable metamaterials (multi-material) (3) Nonlinear finite element concept (buckling, instability, nonlinear elasticity) (4) Inverse design using machine learning and differences with optimization Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Model Training and Validation Data Collection and Preprocessing Performance Evaluation and Integration Literature Review and Theoretical Framework Software Implementation and Verification Material Characterization and Model Calibration @@@@ Application